WILLIAM CRUNDALL was one of Dover's most remarkable townsmen. He was mayor no less than 13 times, a record never likely to be beaten.
25 May 1889 The news arrived in Dover that the Mayor (W.H. Crundall Esq., J.P.) had received the honour of Knighthood on the occasion of the Queen's Birthday.
Probably equally important behind the scenes was Mr E Worsfold Mowll, of the well known family of lawyers. The veteran `Register' of Dover Harbour Board accompanied Sir William on a trip to see the Kaiser in 1901. Then vice-chairman of Dover Harbour Board Mr Crundall's aim was to persuade the Germans to make Dover a port of call for the massive trans-Atlantic liners and when the first Hamburg-American liner had successfully berthed at the Prince of Wales Pier on 26th July 1903, the Kaiser sent a telegram congratulating Dover on the initiative.
John SHIPDEM Esq., Mayor - gave hot dinner and beer to prisoners in new gaol of Maison Dieu on Christmas Day
(Dover Telegraph 2 Jan 1836 p.8 col.2)
1400 : John Giles
1401 : John Gilis & John Giles
1402 : Peter Reade
1403 : John Momym (Monin)
1404 : John Strete (Street)
1405 : John Strete (Street)
1406 : John Strete (Street)
1407 : Thomas Gyles (Giles)
1408 : John Strete (Street)
1409 : John Strete (Street)
1410 : John Strete (Street)
1411 : John Evebroke & John Luestroke
1412 : John Garton
1413 : Thomas Gyles (Giles)
1414 : Thomas Gyles (Giles) & Walter Stratton
1415 : John Garton
1416 : John Garton
1417 : Walter Stratton
1418 : Walter Stratton
1419 : Thomas atte Crouche
1420 : Thomas atte Crouche
1421 : Walter Stratton
1422 : Thomas Arnold
1423 : Walter Stratton
1424 : Thomas Arnold
1425 : John Braban
1426 : Walter Stratton
1427 : John Braban
1428 : Walter Stratton
1429 : William Brewys
1430 : Thomas Arnold
1431 : Walter Stratton
1432 : Walter Stratton
1433 : John Braban
1434 : John Braban
1435 : John Braban & William Brewys
1436 : William Brewys
1437 : William Brewys
1438 : William Brewys
1439 : Walter Stratton
1440 : William Brewys
1441 : John Warde
1442 : John Warde
1443 : William Brewys
1444 : Ralph Toke
1445 : Ralph Toke & Thomas Gore
1446 : Ralph Toke & Thomas Gore
1447 : Ralph Toke & Thomas Gore
1448 : Ralph Toke & Thomas Gore
1449 : Thomas Gore
1450 : Thomas Gore & Richard Grigge
1451 : Richard Grigge
1452 : Richard Grigge
1453 : Thomas Doyley (Doyly)
1454 : Thomas Doyley (Doyly)
1455 : Thomas Doyley (Doyly)
1456 : Thomas Gore
1457 : Thomas Gore
1458 : Nicholas Burton
1459 : Nicholas Burton
1460 : Richard Palmer
1461 : Thomas Gore & Richard Palmer
1462 : Thomas Gore
1463 : Richard Palmer
1464 : Thomas Pety
1465 : Thomas Gore
1466 : Thomas Gore & Richard Palmer
1467 : Richard Palmer
1468 : Thomas Hexstall
1469 : Thomas Hexstall
1470 : Thomas Hexstall & Thomas Toke
1471 : Richard Palmer & Thomas Hexstall
1472 : Thomas Hexstall & Thomas Toke
1473 : Thomas Hexstall & Thomas Toke
1474 : Thomas Hexstall
1475 : Richard Pleysington
1476 : Robert Vyncent (Vincent)
1477 : Thomas Hexstall & Robert Vyncent (Vincent)
1478 : Thomas Toke & Thomas Hexstall
1479 : Richard Palmer
1480 : Thomas Fouche
1481 : Thomas Hexstall & Thomas Fouche
1482 : John Byngham (Bynghin)
1483 : John Byngham (Bynghin)
1484 : John Byngham (Bynghin)
1485 : Robert Vyncent (Vincent)
1486 : John Templeman
1487 : John Byngham (Bynghin)
1489 : Robert Vyncent (Vincent)
1490 : Edward Hexstall
1491 : Robert Vyncent (Vincent)
1492 : Henry Balgy
1493 : William Warren
1494 : Edward Hexstall
1495 : Edward Hexstall
1496 : Richard Fyneaux (Fineax/Finneas)
1497 : John Byngham (Bynghin)
1498 : John Byngham (Bynghin)
1499 : William Stone
1500 : William Stone
1501 : John Pocock
1502 : Richard Fyneaux (Fineax/Finneas)
1503 : Richard Fyneaux (Fineax/Finneas)
1504 : Oliver Lythgo
1505 : Robert Nethersole
1506 : Edward Hexstall
1507 : Richard Fyneaux (Fineax/Finneas)
1508 : Robert Nethersole
1509 : Richard Monin
1510 : Nicholas Templeman
1511 : John Broke
1512 : Robert Nethersole
1513 : Nicholas (Richard) Aldy
1514 : Richard Fyneaux (Fineax/Finneas)
1515 : Thomas Vaughan
1516 : Nicholas (Richard) Aldy & John Gregorie
1517 : Nicholas (Richard) Aldy
1518 : Robert Weltden
1519 : Thomas Vaughan
1520 : John Elam
1521 : John Elam & Robert Stelman
1522 : Robert Stelman
1523 : Robert Dyer
1524 : John Broke
1525 : John Warren
1526 : Richard Crouch
1527 : Thomas Vaughan
1528 : Robert Fluce & Rouse Buskins
1529 : Robert Fluce
1530 : Robert Nethersole
1531 : Robert Nethersole
1532 : Thomas Vaughan & Thomas Foxley
1533 : Edward May
1534 : Edward May
1535 : John Paynter
1536 : John Warren
1537 : Ralph Buffkin
1538 : Edward May
1539 : John Bowles
1540 : John Warren & John Bowles
1541 : Thomas Foxley
1542 : Thomas Foxley & Robert Justice
1543 : John Elam
1544 : William Fisher
1545 : Thomas Collye
1546 : Richard Fyneaux (Fineax/Finneas) & Thomas Collye
1547 : Richard Fyneaux (Fineax/Finneas) & Hugo (Hugon) Brackett & Thomas Mauncell
1548 : Hugo (Hugon) Brackett & Thomas Warren
1549 : Thomas Mauncell & Thomas Warren
1550 : Thomas Warren & Thomas Portway (Portways)
1551 : Robert Justice & Thomas Portway (Portways) & Robert Justin
1552 : Thomas Fynnett (Finnett)
1553 : Thomas Fynnett (Finnett)
1554 : Richard Elam & William Hannyngtone (Hannington)
1555 : Adrian (Adrianne) Whitt & Richard Elary
1556 : Adrian (Adrianne) Whitt
1557 : Thomas Warren
1558 : Thomas Collye
1559 : Thomas Pepper
1560 : Richard Gibbs (Jebbes)
1561 : William Hannyngtone (Hannington)
1562 : William Hannyngtone (Hannington) & John Robbyns (Robbins)
1563 : Thomas Pepper & John Robbyns (Robbins)
1564 : William Burden (Burder)
1565 : Thomas Pepper
1566 : Thomas Watson
1567 : Thomas Pepper
1568 : John Edwards
1569 : Richard Elam
1570 : Thomas Burnell
1571 : Thomas Andrews
1572 : Thomas Andrews
1573 : Thomas Andrews
1574 : Thomas Andrews & Thomas Warren
1575 : Thomas Warren
1576 : John Lucas
1577 : Robert Fynnett (Finnett)
1578 : Robert Fynnett (Finnett)
1579 : Thomas Allyn
1580 : John Garrett
1581 : John Garrett
1582 : Thomas Andrews & Thomas Warren
1583 : Thomas Andrews & William Willis
1584 : Thomas Watson
1585 : William Willis
1586 : Thomas Brodgatte (Bredgatte)
1587 : Thomas Brodgatte (Bredgatte)
1588 : John Tench
1589 : Henry Leonard (Lennard)
1590 : Jeffery Glydd
1591 : Humphrey Meade
1592 : Thomas Elwood
1593 : Robert Burnett
1594 : John Skaythe (Skeythe)
1595 : George Bynge
1596 : George Bynge
1597 : William Leonard
1598 : Jeremy Garrett
1599 : Edward Kempe
1600 : John Bachelor
1601 : John Bradgate (Bredgatte)
1602 : Richard Siseley
1603 : William Nethersole
1604 : George Bynge
1605 : George Bynge
1606 : John Tooke
1607 : Henry Steede
1608 : Robert Garrett
1609 : Robert Austin (Austen)
1610 : William Leonard
1611 : William Leonard
1612 : Edward Kempe & William Warde
1613 : William Warde
1614 : Robert Garrett
1615 : John Waade
1616 : Thomas Foord
1617 : Nicholas Eaton
1618 : William Warde
1619 : William Warde
1620 : John Bengard & John Brouger
1621 : Robert Garrett
1622 : Henry Steede
1623 : John Waade
1624 : John Waade
1625 : Thomas Foord
1626 : John Pringle
1627 : Stephen Monins (Monin)
1628 : Stephen Monins (Monin)
1629 : Stephen Monins (Monin)
1630 : Nicholas Eaton
1631 : Nicholas Eaton
1632 : Thomas Teddeman (Teddiman)
1633 : Thomas Teddeman (Teddiman)
1634 : Thomas Teddeman (Teddiman) & Luke Pepper
1635 : Thomas Teddeman (Teddiman) & Luke Pepper
1636 : Stephen Monins (Monin)
1637 : Stephen Monins (Monin)
1638 : Thomas Day
1639 : Thomas Day
1640 : Thomas Teddeman (Teddiman)
1641 : Thomas Cullen
1642 : Thomas Cullen
1643 : Luke Braylefoord (Braylsford)
1644 : John Golder
1645 : John Golder
1646 : John Golder
1647 : Nicholas Roberts
1648 : Thomas Day
1649 : William Richards
1650 : John Broome & Edward Prescott
1651 : William Cullen
1652 : William Cullen
1653 : Edward Prescott
1654 : Valentine Tatnell
1655 : Thomas White
1656 : Thomas White
1657 : William Cullen & Nathaniel Smith
1658 : William Cullen
1659 : Thomas Broome
1660 : John Loome
1661 : John Golder
1662 : Richard Jacob
1663 : William Eaton
1664 : Nicholas Eaton
1665 : George West
1666 : William Stokes
1667 : William Stokes
1668 : John Matson
1669 : John Matson
1670 : John Carlisle & Richard Barley
1671 : Richard Barley
1672 : Richard Jacob
1673 : Richard Jacob
1674 : John Bullacke (Bullack)
1675 : John Bullacke (Bullack)
1676 : William Stokes
1677 : William Stokes
1678 : William Stokes
1679 : Nicholas Cullen
1680 : Nicholas Cullen
1681 : Nicholas Cullen
1682 : Nicholas Cullen
1683 : William Stokes & George West
1684 : Thomas Teddeman (Teddiman)
1685 : Robert Jacob
1686 : Richard Cooke
1687 : George West
1688 : William Stokes & Robert Jacob & Edward Roberts
1689 : John Bullacke (Bullack)
1690 : Thomas Scott
1691 : Thomas Scott
1692 : Clement Bucke
1693 : Clement Bucke
1694 : John Hollingbery
1695 : John Hollingbery
1696 : Edward Franklyn
1697 : Edward Franklyn
1698 : Edward Wivell
1699 : Edward Wivell
1700 : Edward Wivell
1701 : John Hollingbery
1702 : John Hollingbery
1703 : John Hollingbery
1704 : John Hollingbery
1705 : Peatley Sturgess
1706 : Peatley Sturgess
1707 : Edward Wivell
1708 : Edward Wivell
1709 : Edward Wivell
1710 : Richard Bax
1711 : Robert Jacob
1712 : Thomas Broadley
1713 : James Flinder
1714 : John Knott
1715 : Samuel Walton
1716 : John Cannon
1717 : James Flinder
1718 : John Hollingbery
1719 : Henry Blindstone
1720 : James Flinder
1721 : John Hollingbery & John Knott
1722 : Henry Blindstone
1723 : John Perkins
1724 : Matthew Kennett
1725 : Charles Smith
1726 : James Lamb
1727 : John Perkins
1728 : Thomas Broadley
1729 : Charles Smith & Henry Blindstone
1730 : Goddard Gay
1731 : Thomas Underdown
1732 : Hilton E Russell
1733 : Thomas Underdown
1734 : Thomas Wicks
1735 : John Matson
1736 : Peter Monin
1737 : James Gunman
1738 : John Dalgliesh (Dalgleish)
1739 : Goddard Gay
1740 : Richard Hollingbery
1741 : Robert Wellard
1742 : Nathaniel Smith
1743 : Vincent Underdown
1744 : Cuthbert Hogdson
1745 : Vincent Underdown
1746 : John Dalgliesh (Dalgleish)
1747 : Robert Walker
1748 : Richard Rouse (Rowse)
1749 : Thomas Bean
1750 : Henry Jelly
1751 : Christopher Gunman
1752 : John Broadley
1753 : Nathaniel Smith
1754 : Henry Jelly
1755 : Michael Russell
1756 : John Bazely
1757 : Alexander Wellard
1758 : Thomas Richards
1759 : Richard Rouse (Rowse)
1760 : Christopher Gunman
1761 : John Bazely
1762 : Michael Russell
1763 : James Hammond
1764 : Robert Wellard
1765 : Hughes Minet
1766 : David Sutton
1767 : John Latham
1768 : Thomas Broadley
1769 : John Coleman
1770 : Thomas Bateman Lane
1771 : Edmund Barham
1772 : Sampson Farbrace
1773 : Christopher Gunman
1774 : Henry Jelly
1775 : James Hammond
1776 : James Gunman
1777 : Matthew Kennett
1778 : Phineas Stringer
1779 : John Latham
1780 : Thomas Bateman Lane
1781 : Henry Jelly
1782 : Phineas Stringer
1783 : James Hammond
1784 : James Gunman
1785 : Thomas Bateman Lane
1786 : Thomas Boyton
1787 : Robert Thompson
1788 : John Latham
1789 : James Gunman
1790 : Henry Jelly
1791 : Matthew Kennett
1792 : Robert Westfield
1793 : William King
1794 : Thomas Bateman Lane
1795 : Sir Thomas Mantell
1796 : Robert Finnis
1797 : William Knocker
1798 : William King
1799 : Sir Thomas Mantell
2001 : Diane G Smallwood
2002 : Diane G Smallwood
1930 : Fredrick R Powell
1931 : Fredrick R Powell
1932 : Fredrick H Morecroft
1933 : Fredrick H Morecroft
1934 : George M Norman
1935 : George M Norman
1936 : George M Norman
Born in Dover in 1847 William Crundall was a member of a local ship building family but became a successful builder. He also found time to serve the town as a councillor, magistrate and rose in prominence to become chairman of Dover Harbour Board. He followed his father on to the Town Council in 1883 and was first chosen mayor in 1886. He pressed for road widening in the congested town centre and also played a hand in persuading the council to introduce a badly needed public tramway service in the town in 1897. He successfully campaigned for controls over unsightly advertising hoardings, such as a notorious sign extolling “the virtues of certain kinds of Yankee prepared oats” which was how one journalist referred to a huge and ugly Quaker Oats sign defacing the famous white cliffs behind the Wellington Dock. Similar vulgar signs, said the writer, could be seen with a glass, meaning a telescope, from half-way across the Channel. Sir William, however, was not averse to some prestigious development along the historic cliffs. He envisaged a marine drive round the bay towards St Margaret's Bay and the building of some executive class homes on the high ground. (R.E.H.)
Dover “New Gaol” – foundation stone was laid on 8 Sept 1820 by
Sir Thomas MANTELL, Mayor of Dover
1800 : Thomas Bateman Lane
1801 : George Stringer
1802 : William Knocker
1803 : Jonathan Osborne
1804 : Robert Walker
1805 : Phineas Kennett
1806 : Robert Hunt
1807 : William King
1808 : Edward Thompson
1809 : Sir Thomas Mantell
1810 : George Dell
1811 : Edward Thompson
1812 : Sir Thomas Mantell
1813 : James Walker
1814 : Henshaw Latham
1815 : George Stringer
1816 : Jonathan Osborne
1817 : William Knocker
1818 : Robert Walker
1819 : Sir Thomas Mantell
1820 : George Dell
1821 : Henshaw Latham
1822 : John Jeken
1823 : Joseph Webb Pilcher
1824 : Sir Thomas Mantell
1825 : John Finnis
1826 : George Stringer
1827 : John Shipdem
1828 : Matthew Kennett
1829 : Henry Pringle Bruyers
1836 : William Cocke & Edward Pett Thompson
1837 : Michael Elwin
1838 : Edward Pett Thompson
1839 : William Cocke
1840 : Edward Poole
1841 : Edward Poole
1842 : William Clarke
1843 : William Clarke
1844 : William Clarke
1845 : William Clarke
1846 : William Cocke
1847 : William Cocke
1848 : Anthony Freeman Payn
1849 : Steriker Finnis
1850 : Steriker Finnis
1851 : Thomas Birch
1852 : Charles Lamb
1830 : Henshaw Latham
1831 : John Coleman
1832 : William Knocker
1833 : Joseph Webb Pilcher
1834 : William Cocke
1835 : John Shipdem
James LAMB in 1726 was elected the 177th Mayor of Dover,
he was a Brandy merchant.
(Annalls of Dover by John Bavington Jones 1916)
Charles LAMB 248th Mayor of Dover in 1852.
Charles LAMB was chosen mayor in 1852, had been a member of the old Common Council, and was in his 73rd year when elected Mayor. He had been for fifty year the Chairman of the Dover Catch Club, and it was in his Mayoralty that the Mayor's Banquet was first held. He was listed in 1835 as a Councillor of Dover Corporation, and had been previously on the council, was a member of the old Dover Corporation.
(Annalls of Dover by John Bavington Jones 1916)
1860 : John Birmingham
1861 : John Birmingham
1862 : James Worsfold
1863 : Jeffery Wheeloch Noble
1864 : Jeffery Wheeloch Noble & William Rigden Mummery
1865 : William Rigden Mummery
1866 : William Rigden Mummery
1867 : Joseph George Churchward
1868 : John Birmingham
1869 : John Birmingham
1870 : Edward Knocker
1871 : Sir Richard Dickeson
1872 : Edward Rutley Mowll
1873 : Frederick Samuel Peirce
1874 : Frederick Samuel Peirce
1875 : Percy Simpson Court
1876 : George Fielding
1877 : Percy Simpson Court
1878 : Alexander Bottle
1853 : James Poulter
1854 : William Henry Payn
1855 : James Worsfold
1856 : Thomas Birch
1857 : Thomas Birch & Edward Ferrant (Ferrand) Astley
1858 : Edward Ferrant (Ferrand) Astley
1859 : James Cuthbert Ottaway (Ottoway)
"Mr W.J.ADCOCK, J.P. The Mayor of Dover in the Municipal year 1885-6 was Mr William John ADCOCK who during the last 20 years has taken an active interest in local affairs. Although not a Dover man, few natives have shown a more earnest desire to promote the well being of this ancient Borough where he has thrown in his lot, and on which his energy and enterprise have made their mark. Mr ADCOCK is a native of Nottingham, where his father Mr William ADCOCK was a timber merchant and builder. He was educated at the Grammar School, now known as the Nottingham High School.
"During the 14 years that had elapsed since Mr ADCOCK made his first appearance in the Town Council, much had happened - much had spread the fame and familiarised the name of Mr ADCOCK in the neighbourhood. The visitor to St Pauls is told that if he is searching for a memorial of the builder, he should look around. In like manner it was only necessary to look around the public buildings of Dover to find numerous memorials of Mr ADCOCK. He had, at that time built, rebuilt or restored, most of the churches in the neighbourhood.
1879 : Sir Richard Dickeson
1880 : Sir Richard Dickeson
1897 : Sir William Henry Crundall
1898 : Sir William Henry Crundall
1899 : Sir William Henry Crundall
1895 : Matthew Pepper
1896 : Henry Minter Baker
1890 : William John Adcock & Sir William Henry Crundall
1891 : Sir William Henry Crundall
1892 : Sir William Henry Crundall & William John Adcock
1893 : Sir William Henry Crundall
1894 : Sir William Henry Crundall
1885 : William John Adcock
He also had built the Dover College, the Ordnance Stores, Granville Hall, the Baths, Mr CHIGNELL's School on Castle Mount, Old Park Mansion, many villas on the Maison Dieu and Dover Castle Estates and several mansions in the surrounding districts. Consequently before Mr ADCOCK was chosen as Chief Magistrate of Dover he had carved out for himself a high place in the commercial world, and his position in the Borough had been recognised, five or six years previously, by his being created a Dover Magistrate.
"He was therefore by experience and administrative ability, well fitted for the office of Mayor, to which he was elected by the unanimous vote of the Town Council on Nov 9 1885. That Mayoralty proved to be in many respects an eventful one, as may be inferred from the fact that on 3 separate occasions, during the 12 months, the Council deemed it necessary to place on record their thanks for the Mayor's exhibition of public spirit and good judgment in the performance of special duties."
(the above are extracts from Dover Express articles on "Mayors of Dover" by John Bavington-Jones)
1884 : Thomas Viney Brown
1883 : Rowland Rees
1882 : Sir Richard Dickeson
1881 : John Lade Bradley
1900 : William James Barnes
1901 : Henry Martyn Mowll
1902 : Frederick George Wright
1903 : Arthur Thomas Walmisley & Sir William Henry Crundall
1907 : Walter L Emden
1908 : Walter L Emden
1909 : Walter L Emden
Walter Emden differed from all his predecessors in that he was not a member of the Town Council, having been chosen under a special provision of the Municipal Corporation Act 1182. This allowed a burgess of another council to qualify and as he had previously been the Mayor of Westminster, he helped the Dover Pageant with many connections in the capital. The mayor was able to raise a considerable amount of sponsorship money to finance the event.
1910 : Sir William Henry Crundall
1911 : William Bromley
1912 : William Bromley
1988 : Royston J Tant
1987 : Brian W Young
1969 : William Thomas Muge
1970 : William Thomas Muge
1971 : Reginald George Lock
1972 : Kathleen E Goodfellow
1973 : Peter Bean
1974 : Peter Terence Mee
1975 : George E Ruck
1976 : Harold E Morrison
1977 : Hubert B Kemp
1978 : Denis F Clayton
1979 : Marie Hart
1980 : Joseph J Watson
1981 : Edith Hadden
1982 : Royston J Tant
1983 : Marie Hart
1984 : Michael P Farrell
1985 : James A Truelove
1986 : George J Hood
Dorothy Bushell
1950 : William Henry Fish
1951 : William Henry Fish
1952 : William Henry Fish
1953 : Reginald Snelgrove
1954 : Reginald Snelgrove
1955 : Sidney Frederick Kingsland
1956 : John Williams
1957 : John Williams
1958 : Roland Leonard Eckhoff
1959 : Roland Leonard Eckhoff
1944 : James Robinson Cairns & John Parker Fish & W Pudney
1945 : John Parker Fish & William John Padrey & Arthur Thomas Goodfellow
1946 : Arthur Thomas Goodfellow
1947 : Arthur Thomas Goodfellow
1948 : Arthur Thomas Goodfellow
1949 : Arthur Thomas Goodfellow & William Henry Fish
On 26 April 1889, at the Pier, in Dover, the Mayor, E. Lukey Esq., with the Corporation, in state, and a tremendous crowd, received Mr H.M. Stanley and his companions of the long march through 'Darkest Africa',
who had returned from their memorable expedition.
The Emin Pasha Committee were also present, as were also a large number of other distinguished personages, to welcome the great traveller.
A notable event during his two years' Mayoralty was the visit, on July 10th 1930 of the Prince of Wales, afterwards H.M. King Edward VIII.
The Prince of Wales came to launch the new Life-boat at Dover, which was then then the fastest such motor vessel in the world, and placed at Dover to provide means of reaching victims of air disasters in the Channel.
1925 : William H East & Captain Thomas Bodley-Scott
1926 : Richard J Barwick & Captain Thomas Bodley-Scott
1927 : Richard J Barwick
1928 : Hilton E Russell
1929 : Hilton E Russell
1960 : Dorothy Bushell
1895 : Matthew Pepper
Matthew Pepper was elected Mayor in the year 1895, and he was at the same time Chairman of the Doveer Board of Guardians. This Mayor's ancestors had filled the offices of Mayor, Town Clerk, and Clerk to the Court of Brotherhood and Guestling.
Mayoress, Mrs Raggett, the wife of Mayor, George F. Ragget. George F. Raggett, a retired Naval officer, made his Mayoralty in 1906 memorable by undertaking arrangements for commencing a County Cricket Week in Dover on a permanent basis.
